This research investigates the genetic origins of the Marsh Arabs of Iraq, believed to have strong ties to the ancient Sumerians. By analyzing Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA from 143 Marsh Arabs and comparing them to a larger Iraqi control group, the study reveals a predominantly Middle Eastern genetic heritage with minor contributions from Southwest Asia and Africa. Notably, a specific Y-chromosome lineage (J1-Page08) shows expansion concurrent with the Sumerian period, suggesting a potential genetic link. While the introduction of water buffalo farming appears to have had limited impact on the gene pool, the findings support the hypothesis that the Sumerians were likely autochthonous to the region, rather than originating from India or South Asia.
