Vitamins are a group of 13 essential substances required for normal cell function, growth, and development. They fall into two categories: fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K), which are stored in the liver, fatty tissue, and muscles, and water-soluble vitamins (C and all B vitamins), which are excreted through urine and must be consumed regularly. A deficiency in any vitamin can lead to health problems including heart disease, cancer, and osteoporosis. The best way to meet daily vitamin needs is through a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and fortified foods, with supplements used only when dietary intake is insufficient.
- Vitamin B12 is the exception among water-soluble vitamins; it can be stored in the liver for many years.
- Folate deficiency during pregnancy is linked to neural tube birth defects such as spina bifida.
- Vitamin D is called the "sunshine vitamin" because the body synthesizes it after sun exposure, making it very hard to obtain from food alone.
- Vitamin B12 occurs naturally only in animal-origin foods; plant-based foods can be fortified with it.
- Exceeding 100% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance for fat-soluble vitamins without medical supervision can cause toxic buildup.
- Vitamin B12 is the exception among water-soluble vitamins; it can be stored in the liver for many years.
- Folate deficiency during pregnancy is linked to neural tube birth defects such as spina bifida.
- Vitamin D is called the "sunshine vitamin" because the body synthesizes it after sun exposure, making it very hard to obtain from food alone.
- Vitamin B12 occurs naturally only in animal-origin foods; plant-based foods can be fortified with it.
- Exceeding 100% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance for fat-soluble vitamins without medical supervision can cause toxic buildup.
Yuhao Wu writes about HarnessDev, a benchmark that evaluates LLMs' ability to build and iteratively improve their own agent harness—the model-external execution infrastructure that wraps a model and shapes its task performance. The benchmark has two stages: Creation, where the agent builds a complete execution system from a minimal seed and a few cases, and Evolution, where it revises its own harness using downstream execution feedback. Generated harnesses substantially lag behind mature human-engineered references on code and search/research, while matching or exceeding them on writing and machine-learning experimentation, with large variation in execution cost.
- Covers six creator LLMs across four domains and five downstream benchmarks (2,207 unique instances).
- Hidden evaluation tasks are withheld from development to prevent overfitting.
- Evolution gains are unstable and transfer only partially to held-out tasks.
- Performance gains depend strongly on which model executes the harness, indicating limited cross-model transfer.
- Covers six creator LLMs across four domains and five downstream benchmarks (2,207 unique instances).
- Hidden evaluation tasks are withheld from development to prevent overfitting.
- Evolution gains are unstable and transfer only partially to held-out tasks.
- Performance gains depend strongly on which model executes the harness, indicating limited cross-model transfer.
Ayla Angelos writes about Singapore-based designer Darius Ou, who draws on sci-fi literature, linguistics, and G-code to build experimental type systems. His eponymous studio, turning ten this year, works in typography and motion for cultural institutions, while his research arm hyperpress explores 3D printing in graphic design and publishing.
- Designed a custom typeface for an exhibition named after Ursula K. Le Guin's "therolinguistics" concept, writing in-universe lore to frame design decisions
- Built "As above, so below" with vertical ligatures that connect letters downward across lines of text rather than sideways, achieved through mathematics and code
- Manual, his newest 3D-printed book, bears raised G-code marks on its surface, embedding the instructions for its own replication
- Inducted into ADC New York's Young Guns 21 in 2023; work recognized by D&AD, Golden Pin, and the Type Directors Club in both Tokyo and New York
- Three of hyperpress's six 3D-printed books are held in the Singapore Art Museum Design Collection and the V&A
- Designed a custom typeface for an exhibition named after Ursula K. Le Guin's "therolinguistics" concept, writing in-universe lore to frame design decisions
- Built "As above, so below" with vertical ligatures that connect letters downward across lines of text rather than sideways, achieved through mathematics and code
- Manual, his newest 3D-printed book, bears raised G-code marks on its surface, embedding the instructions for its own replication
- Inducted into ADC New York's Young Guns 21 in 2023; work recognized by D&AD, Golden Pin, and the Type Directors Club in both Tokyo and New York
- Three of hyperpress's six 3D-printed books are held in the Singapore Art Museum Design Collection and the V&A
Hugging Face Unveils Microduck: A $399 Open-Source 25 cm Biped You Train with Reinforcement LearningMichal Sutter writes about Pollen Robotics, a Bordeaux-based team at Hugging Face, which has opened pre-orders for Microduck, a 25 cm bipedal robot priced at $399. Unlike most robotics launches that rely on demo videos, Microduck ships with its full training loop — every movement (walking, sitting, kicking, roller-skating, self-recovery) is a neural policy trained in a physics simulator and exported to hardware. The robot carries 15 motors, a camera, LiDAR, two IMUs, and a Rockchip RK3566, with policies trained via PPO in MuJoCo Warp in roughly one to two hours on a CUDA GPU.
- Sim-to-real hinges on a BAM actuator model (voltage control law, back-EMF, Coulomb/Stribeck/load-dependent friction) plus randomization of battery voltage, command delay, and ±1° backlash per joint
- Every policy shares a 61-dimensional actor observation (48 proprioception + twist, head pose, body pose commands), enabling hot-swap between walk, recover, and trick policies mid-run
- Software is Apache-2.0, but mechanical and electronic design files are not open
- The robot generates a unique audio identity on first wake that persists permanently; it does not speak in a linguistic sense
- Pre-orders opened August 27, 2026, with deliveries targeted before Christmas
- Sim-to-real hinges on a BAM actuator model (voltage control law, back-EMF, Coulomb/Stribeck/load-dependent friction) plus randomization of battery voltage, command delay, and ±1° backlash per joint
- Every policy shares a 61-dimensional actor observation (48 proprioception + twist, head pose, body pose commands), enabling hot-swap between walk, recover, and trick policies mid-run
- Software is Apache-2.0, but mechanical and electronic design files are not open
- The robot generates a unique audio identity on first wake that persists permanently; it does not speak in a linguistic sense
- Pre-orders opened August 27, 2026, with deliveries targeted before Christmas
Erik Kristensen and Napalys Klicius write about four changes to the GitHub Copilot harness that reduce token costs without sacrificing task quality. The central insight is that optimizing individual tool calls is the wrong metric — a shorter response can cost more overall if it forces the agent to rerun commands or reread output. The four changes are: selectively compressing repetitive build/test/install output while preserving source-like content, removing unused line-number prefixes from file reads, halving the task-tool prompt via a meta-prompting loop, and batching background completion notifications so results arrive without an extra retrieval turn. Each was validated through offline agentic benchmarks and controlled online A/B experiments before shipping.
- RTK (Rust Token Killer) was evaluated and found to increase end-to-end cost despite shortening individual responses, because the agent reopened or reran commands to recover omitted details.
- The prompt compression initially caused a regression that offline tests missed: cautious parallelism guidance was rewritten into a hard scheduling policy, serializing independent agents. The fix was a single sentence: "Independent agents can run in parallel; consider side effects."
- A tighter file-tool instruction set that worked in Copilot code review actually increased cost in Copilot CLI, illustrating that evidence is local to the workload.
- The changes ship across all Copilot products sharing the same harness (CLI, app, code review); code review separately saw ~20% cost reduction from a prior migration to shared file tools.
- RTK (Rust Token Killer) was evaluated and found to increase end-to-end cost despite shortening individual responses, because the agent reopened or reran commands to recover omitted details.
- The prompt compression initially caused a regression that offline tests missed: cautious parallelism guidance was rewritten into a hard scheduling policy, serializing independent agents. The fix was a single sentence: "Independent agents can run in parallel; consider side effects."
- A tighter file-tool instruction set that worked in Copilot code review actually increased cost in Copilot CLI, illustrating that evidence is local to the workload.
- The changes ship across all Copilot products sharing the same harness (CLI, app, code review); code review separately saw ~20% cost reduction from a prior migration to shared file tools.
NPC-Worldwide (primary contributor cagostino) presents npcsh, a composable multi-agent shell that interprets both bash commands and natural language within a single interactive interface. Built primarily in Rust with a Python backend (npcpy) for the LLM inference loop, it lets users delegate tasks to named agents, define custom "Jinxes" (Jinja Execution templates) for tool-use and skills, and works with any model provider LiteLLM supports. A 100-task benchmark suite scores how well various models can drive the shell, with results ranging from 23% (Qwen3.5 0.8b) to 97% (Qwen3.5 35b, Ornith 35b, Kimi K2.7-Code 1t).
- Agent definitions support three interchangeable formats: .npc YAML files, agents.md markdown, and agents/ directories with per-agent .md files
- The Python backend (npcpy) is explicitly temporary and slated for replacement by a Rust-native runner (npcrs)
- The project references an arxiv paper on "ALARA for Agents: Least-Privilege Context Engineering Through Portable Composable Multi-Agent Teams"
- Supports local model runtimes including Ollama, LM Studio, and MLX (Apple Silicon)
- Currently at v2.1.16 with 128 releases, 473 stars, and 854 commits
- Agent definitions support three interchangeable formats: .npc YAML files, agents.md markdown, and agents/ directories with per-agent .md files
- The Python backend (npcpy) is explicitly temporary and slated for replacement by a Rust-native runner (npcrs)
- The project references an arxiv paper on "ALARA for Agents: Least-Privilege Context Engineering Through Portable Composable Multi-Agent Teams"
- Supports local model runtimes including Ollama, LM Studio, and MLX (Apple Silicon)
- Currently at v2.1.16 with 128 releases, 473 stars, and 854 commits
Anurag Singh writes about combining Claude Code's Auto mode with deny rules and ask rules to eliminate the need to manually approve every command. The setup lets Claude Code work uninterrupted in the background while hard-blocking destructive commands like force-pushes and rm -rf, and optionally prompting on risky-but-acceptable actions like git push.
- Deny rules are enforced by Claude Code itself rather than being instructions to the model, so they hold even in bypassPermissions mode
- A deny list can never be exhaustive; Claude could accomplish the same destructive action through a different tool (e.g., Python instead of rm)
- The built-in sandbox is a stronger safety net than any deny list, though it becomes tedious for projects depending on local databases, Docker, or private registries
- Permission rules are evaluated in fixed priority order: deny first, then ask, then allow
- Deny rules are enforced by Claude Code itself rather than being instructions to the model, so they hold even in bypassPermissions mode
- A deny list can never be exhaustive; Claude could accomplish the same destructive action through a different tool (e.g., Python instead of rm)
- The built-in sandbox is a stronger safety net than any deny list, though it becomes tedious for projects depending on local databases, Docker, or private registries
- Permission rules are evaluated in fixed priority order: deny first, then ask, then allow
Al Williams writes about the surprising continued availability of Reverse Polish Notation calculators in 2026, despite RPN losing the mass market to algebraic entry decades ago. RPN uses a stack-based system where operators follow their operands, eliminating the need for parentheses or an equals key. Today's options range from the still-sold HP-12C to SwissMicros' modern enthusiast machines, DIY builds on ATmega and ESP32 hardware, and a thriving ecosystem of phone and desktop apps.
- The first RPN calculator was the Friden EC-130 (1964), a 44-pound desktop unit at $2,150 whose CRT displayed all four stack levels simultaneously
- SwissMicros' R47, at ~$300, features an 8-level stack, built-in electrical engineering functions, and firmware still officially in beta
- HP released a native Linux build of HP Prime as a 2019 AppImage, but it predates the Python programming addition; the only way to get Python on Linux is running an older Windows version under Wine with Soda 9 in Bottles, and you must not let it update
- Alex Garza's PAXER kits reproduce HP-15C/16C/41C on ATmega328 for under $100, adding continuous memory, backlight, and real-time clock
- The 10LC turns a ~$50 ESP32-based M5Stack Cardputer into a pocket RPN calculator
- Free42, a clean-room HP-42S implementation by Thomas Okken, runs on Android, iOS, Windows, macOS, and Linux
- The first RPN calculator was the Friden EC-130 (1964), a 44-pound desktop unit at $2,150 whose CRT displayed all four stack levels simultaneously
- SwissMicros' R47, at ~$300, features an 8-level stack, built-in electrical engineering functions, and firmware still officially in beta
- HP released a native Linux build of HP Prime as a 2019 AppImage, but it predates the Python programming addition; the only way to get Python on Linux is running an older Windows version under Wine with Soda 9 in Bottles, and you must not let it update
- Alex Garza's PAXER kits reproduce HP-15C/16C/41C on ATmega328 for under $100, adding continuous memory, backlight, and real-time clock
- The 10LC turns a ~$50 ESP32-based M5Stack Cardputer into a pocket RPN calculator
- Free42, a clean-room HP-42S implementation by Thomas Okken, runs on Android, iOS, Windows, macOS, and Linux
Tom Angell writes about a NORML analysis of FBI Uniform Crime Reporting data showing that ten states **Texas, North Carolina, Wisconsin, Georgia, Tennessee, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Indiana, Louisiana, and Alabama** accounted for roughly 60 percent of the 200,960 marijuana possession arrests nationwide in 2025, with Texas alone responsible for nearly 29,000. The data reveals that 92 percent of all cannabis incidents stem from possession, and marijuana arrests now constitute a quarter of all drug arrests, making it the most-enforced single substance.
- Louisiana had the highest share of total drug arrests from cannabis possession at 62 percent, and its governor recently signed a law jailing people up to one year for smoking within 2,000 feet of school property
- About 13 percent of state and local law enforcement agencies did not contribute data for 2025
- The FBI report contains internal inconsistencies, presenting three different totals for "Drug/Narcotic Offenses" (1,492,005; 1,656,774; and 1,958,377)
- Even in legalized jurisdictions arrests persist: Illinois reported 5,731 possession arrests and Washington, D.C. reported 1,336
- NORML Deputy Director Paul Armentano noted that in nearly half the states, low-level marijuana arrests have "fallen nearly to zero"
- Louisiana had the highest share of total drug arrests from cannabis possession at 62 percent, and its governor recently signed a law jailing people up to one year for smoking within 2,000 feet of school property
- About 13 percent of state and local law enforcement agencies did not contribute data for 2025
- The FBI report contains internal inconsistencies, presenting three different totals for "Drug/Narcotic Offenses" (1,492,005; 1,656,774; and 1,958,377)
- Even in legalized jurisdictions arrests persist: Illinois reported 5,731 possession arrests and Washington, D.C. reported 1,336
- NORML Deputy Director Paul Armentano noted that in nearly half the states, low-level marijuana arrests have "fallen nearly to zero"
Geiping writes about a language model architecture that scales test-time compute by iterating a recurrent block to reason implicitly in latent space, unrolling to arbitrary depth at inference time rather than generating more tokens. Unlike chain-of-thought methods, this approach needs no specialized training data, operates with small context windows, and can represent reasoning that is difficult to express linguistically. The authors scale a proof-of-concept to 3.5 billion parameters trained on 800 billion tokens, showing dramatic benchmark improvements at computation loads equivalent to 50 billion parameters.
- Hugging Face "huginn-0125"
- GitHub com/seal-rg/huginn-0125
- Hugging Face "huginn-0125"
- GitHub com/seal-rg/huginn-0125
