>"I Measured Every Watt on Apple Silicon Five models, sustained generation, real wall-socket energy at $0.31/kWh — and the surprise the RTX-3090 numbers predicted, only bigger."
Justin Stewart writes about how the energy cost of running local Large Language Models (LLMs) on Apple Silicon depends more on throughput than parameter count. Using an M3 Ultra Mac Studio, he demonstrates that large Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models can be significantly cheaper to operate per token than smaller dense models because they only activate a fraction of their parameters during generation. Ultimately, the study reveals that efficiency is driven by how much data must be moved from memory for every token produced.
* The measurements were calibrated against actual wall power using a Shelly Plug US Gen4 meter.
* A custom tool called TokenWatt was used to measure marginal energy consumption via Apple’s IOReport interface.
* In real-world "lumpy" traffic scenarios, the cost of dense models compared to MoE models actually widens even further.
Justin Stewart writes about how the energy cost of running local Large Language Models (LLMs) on Apple Silicon depends more on throughput than parameter count. Using an M3 Ultra Mac Studio, he demonstrates that large Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models can be significantly cheaper to operate per token than smaller dense models because they only activate a fraction of their parameters during generation. Ultimately, the study reveals that efficiency is driven by how much data must be moved from memory for every token produced.
* The measurements were calibrated against actual wall power using a Shelly Plug US Gen4 meter.
* A custom tool called TokenWatt was used to measure marginal energy consumption via Apple’s IOReport interface.
* In real-world "lumpy" traffic scenarios, the cost of dense models compared to MoE models actually widens even further.
Thinking Machines has released Inkling, an open-weights Mixture-of-Experts transformer model featuring 975B total parameters and a context window of up to 1M tokens. The model was trained on 45 trillion tokens across text, images, audio, and video to enable native multimodal reasoning. It is designed with controllable thinking effort to optimize the balance between performance and cost/latency, alongside strong capabilities for agentic coding and tool use.
- Native multimodality in vision, audio, and text
- Controllable computational effort settings
- High proficiency in agentic workflows and design tasks
- Available on Tinker for custom fine-tuning
- Native multimodality in vision, audio, and text
- Controllable computational effort settings
- High proficiency in agentic workflows and design tasks
- Available on Tinker for custom fine-tuning
OpenMythos is an open-source PyTorch project by Kye Gomez that proposes a theoretical reconstruction of Anthropic's Claude Mythos architecture. Instead of standard transformer layers, it suggests a Recurrent-Depth Transformer (RDT) design where weights loop through multiple iterations to increase reasoning depth during inference. By combining Mixture-of-Experts with Multi-Latent Attention and stability constraints, the model achieves performance parity between 770M parameters and a 1.3B parameter standard transformer.
* open-source PyTorch reconstruction of claude mythos
* proposes recurrent-depth transformer architecture
* reasoning depth scales via inference-time loops rather than parameter count
* uses mixture-of-experts for domain breadth
* implements multi-latent attention to reduce memory usage
* employs lti injection and adaptive computation time for stability
* achieves 1.3b parameter performance with only 770m parameters
* open-source PyTorch reconstruction of claude mythos
* proposes recurrent-depth transformer architecture
* reasoning depth scales via inference-time loops rather than parameter count
* uses mixture-of-experts for domain breadth
* implements multi-latent attention to reduce memory usage
* employs lti injection and adaptive computation time for stability
* achieves 1.3b parameter performance with only 770m parameters
OpenAI's release of GPT-OSS marks their first major open source LLM since GPT-2, featuring improvements in reasoning, tool usage, and problem-solving capabilities. The article explores its architecture, message formatting, reasoning modes, and tokenizer details.
This article discusses Time-MOE, an open-source time-series foundation model using Mixture-of-Experts (MOE) to improve forecasting accuracy while reducing computational costs. Key contributions include the Time-300B dataset, scaling laws for time series, and the Time-MOE architecture.
