This research provides novel insights into the biological complexity of the Turin Shroud through metagenomic analysis of samples collected in 1978. The study identified multiple human mitochondrial DNA lineages, a diverse microbiome including skin-associated bacteria and halophilic archaea, and various fungi like molds and yeast. Traces of Mediterranean red coral, cultivated plants such as carrots and wheat, and domestic animals were also detected, reflecting historical environmental interactions. Furthermore, radiocarbon dating of specific linen threads is consistent with documented repair interventions carried out in 1534 and 1694 CE.
