This module uses NextBrain, a probabilistic atlas of the human brain, to segment ~300 distinct ROIs per hemisphere on in vivo or ex vivo scans. Segmentation relies on a Bayesian algorithm and is robust against changes in MRI pulse sequence.
Researchers present NextBrain, a probabilistic histological atlas of the whole human brain, developed using AI-enabled methods to align histological sections and create delineations for 333 ROIs. A Bayesian tool is also created for automatic segmentation of these ROIs in MRI scans.
This study investigated potential associations between short-lived star-like transients identified in the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS-I) and both nuclear weapons testing and reports of unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP). Results revealed significant associations between nuclear testing and observed transients, and between the number of transients and UAP reports.
This review describes the multimodal and multinodal organization of the LPA signaling network, detailing upstream biosynthesis, receptor diversity, and downstream effectors across diverse organ systems. Therapeutic strategies targeting ATX, LPARs, and intracellular mediators are critically assessed, along with a review of ongoing and emerging clinical trials.
Genetic studies of human metabolism have been limited in scale and allelic breadth. Here we provide a data-driven map of the genetic regulation of circulating small molecules and lipoprotein characteristics (249 traits) measured using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy across the allele frequency spectrum in ~450,000 individuals.
This document is a **scientific article** from *Nature* titled "Redox-driven mineral and organic associations in Jezero Crater, Mars." It details findings from the Perseverance rover's exploration of the Bright Angel formation within Jezero Crater on Mars.
**Key Findings:**
* The Bright Angel formation consists of mudstones containing organic carbon and minerals (ferrous iron phosphate and sulfide – vivianite and greigite).
* These minerals likely formed through post-depositional redox reactions involving organic matter at low temperatures.
* The rocks show evidence of aqueous alteration and a complex history of mineral precipitation and oxidation-reduction processes.
* The presence of organic carbon and redox-sensitive minerals suggests potential for biosignature preservation and warrants further investigation of the collected core sample.
* The study suggests that the formation of these minerals involved the oxidation of organic matter, leading to the reduction of iron and the precipitation of iron-phosphate and iron-sulfide minerals.
**Key Findings:**
* The Bright Angel formation consists of mudstones containing organic carbon and minerals (ferrous iron phosphate and sulfide – vivianite and greigite).
* These minerals likely formed through post-depositional redox reactions involving organic matter at low temperatures.
* The rocks show evidence of aqueous alteration and a complex history of mineral precipitation and oxidation-reduction processes.
* The presence of organic carbon and redox-sensitive minerals suggests potential for biosignature preservation and warrants further investigation of the collected core sample.
* The study suggests that the formation of these minerals involved the oxidation of organic matter, leading to the reduction of iron and the precipitation of iron-phosphate and iron-sulfide minerals.
The Indo-European Cognate Relationships (IE-CoR) dataset is a comprehensive, open-access relational database detailing cognates—inherited related words—across 160 Indo-European languages. Developed by a consortium of 89 linguists, it aims to serve as a benchmark for computational research into the evolution of this vast language family, encompassing 25,731 lexeme entries grouped into 4,981 cognate sets based on 170 core meanings. The dataset incorporates time calibration data, geographical/social metadata, and a novel structure for coding horizontal transfer, adhering to the Cross-Linguistic Data Format (CLDF) for interoperability and long-term accessibility. IE-CoR addresses limitations of previous datasets through improved coverage, rigorous coding protocols, and a focus on the primary cognate state of root morphemes, offering a valuable resource for phylogenetic and quantitative linguistic research.
The Langlands programme has inspired and befuddled mathematicians for more than 50 years. A major advance has now opened up new worlds for them to explore.
The article details the recent proof of the geometric Langlands conjecture, a significant advancement in mathematics that validates a decades-old program aiming for a "grand unified theory" of the field. Led by Dennis Gaitsgory and Sam Raskin, the proof—spanning five papers and nearly 1,000 pages—is expected to open new avenues of research and potentially bridge connections between mathematics and theoretical physics, particularly in understanding symmetries in quantum field theory. While not a complete solution to the broader Langlands program, it provides strong evidence for its underlying principles and offers new tools for tackling complex mathematical problems.
The article details the recent proof of the geometric Langlands conjecture, a significant advancement in mathematics that validates a decades-old program aiming for a "grand unified theory" of the field. Led by Dennis Gaitsgory and Sam Raskin, the proof—spanning five papers and nearly 1,000 pages—is expected to open new avenues of research and potentially bridge connections between mathematics and theoretical physics, particularly in understanding symmetries in quantum field theory. While not a complete solution to the broader Langlands program, it provides strong evidence for its underlying principles and offers new tools for tackling complex mathematical problems.
This study reveals a role for the superior colliculus in higher-order cognition, independent of its role in spatial orienting. Researchers found that the superior colliculus exhibits robust encoding of learned visual categories and its inactivation markedly impaired category decisions in rhesus macaques.
Behavioral game theory offers a valuable framework for understanding LLM behavior and highlights the need for further research to develop more socially intelligent and aligned AI systems.
This is a study of Behavior of Large Language Models (LLMs) when playing repeated games. The study uses behavioral game theory to analyze LLMs' cooperation and coordination abilities, comparing their performance against each other and against human players.
* **LLMs excel in self-interested games:** They perform well in games like the Prisoner's Dilemma, demonstrating a tendency towards defection and a lack of forgiveness.
* **LLMs struggle with coordination:** They underperform in games requiring coordination, such as the Battle of the Sexes, often failing to adapt to simple strategies.
* **Prompting can influence behavior:** Providing additional information about the opponent or using a "social chain-of-thought" (SCoT) prompting strategy can improve LLM performance, particularly in coordination games.
* **Human experiments confirm findings:** Human participants interacting with LLMs showed increased coordination and cooperation when the LLMs were prompted with SCoT.
This is a study of Behavior of Large Language Models (LLMs) when playing repeated games. The study uses behavioral game theory to analyze LLMs' cooperation and coordination abilities, comparing their performance against each other and against human players.
* **LLMs excel in self-interested games:** They perform well in games like the Prisoner's Dilemma, demonstrating a tendency towards defection and a lack of forgiveness.
* **LLMs struggle with coordination:** They underperform in games requiring coordination, such as the Battle of the Sexes, often failing to adapt to simple strategies.
* **Prompting can influence behavior:** Providing additional information about the opponent or using a "social chain-of-thought" (SCoT) prompting strategy can improve LLM performance, particularly in coordination games.
* **Human experiments confirm findings:** Human participants interacting with LLMs showed increased coordination and cooperation when the LLMs were prompted with SCoT.
