Researchers discovered long-lost computer code and used it to resurrect the early chatbot ELIZA from MIT. Named after Eliza Doolittle from 'Pygmalion,' ELIZA was developed in the 1960s by MIT professor Joseph Weizenbaum. It was designed to emulate a psychotherapist in conversation and used a unique programming language called MAD-SLIP. Rediscovered in 2021, the original code was brought back to life after 60 years, demonstrating the chatbot's functionality and highlighting the historical significance of early artificial intelligence.
"Shaw et al. (Ref. 1) have described a possible hardwar e computer,
called IPL-VI, which showed the important features such a machine should
have for its IPL-V instructions, but the input/output and arithmeti c instructions ar e not considered. However, with the arriva l of the presentday module concept of arithmeti c computer organization, a new possibility
arise s for the construction of an IPL-V hardwar e machine. To convert an
arithmetica l computer into an IPL-V system, it could be provided with a
second processo r which operate s with certain basic IPL-V "J" processe s
as its instruction set. The second processo r would require direc t access
to memory for its data and instructions in orde r to be able to operate at
as fast a speed as the memor y would allow. The instruction set of the sec -
ond processo r should be all the basic list operations. The remaining list
operations could be built up as routines from these basic operations. All
the arithmeti c and input/output processe s would be performed in the original arithmeti c processor, with the List Processo r taking car e of any necessary list "bookkeeping." The necessary data and addresse s would be
communicated between the two processors by prelegislation of memory
locations where the processors would find the relevant information when
requested to perform an operation. Thus, there would have to be some
means of transferring control back and forth between the two processors,
presumably some form of interrupt system"
called IPL-VI, which showed the important features such a machine should
have for its IPL-V instructions, but the input/output and arithmeti c instructions ar e not considered. However, with the arriva l of the presentday module concept of arithmeti c computer organization, a new possibility
arise s for the construction of an IPL-V hardwar e machine. To convert an
arithmetica l computer into an IPL-V system, it could be provided with a
second processo r which operate s with certain basic IPL-V "J" processe s
as its instruction set. The second processo r would require direc t access
to memory for its data and instructions in orde r to be able to operate at
as fast a speed as the memor y would allow. The instruction set of the sec -
ond processo r should be all the basic list operations. The remaining list
operations could be built up as routines from these basic operations. All
the arithmeti c and input/output processe s would be performed in the original arithmeti c processor, with the List Processo r taking car e of any necessary list "bookkeeping." The necessary data and addresse s would be
communicated between the two processors by prelegislation of memory
locations where the processors would find the relevant information when
requested to perform an operation. Thus, there would have to be some
means of transferring control back and forth between the two processors,
presumably some form of interrupt system"
"An IPL- hardware processor, Engine No. 2, has been added to the CDC-3600, thereby converting the system into the IPL-VC, an IPL- hardware computer. This paper presents a discussion of the completed system."
How to use IPLV on an IBM 704
"This Memorandum sets out the complete rules for coding in Information Processing Language-V (IPL-V), and documents extensions incorporated since publication of the Information Processing Language-V Manual. A summary of extensions and the minor modifications to the language is contained in the final section ($25.0). IPL-V processors are available for the IBM 650, 704, 709, 7090, 7094, Philco 2000, Bendix G-20, CDC 1604, UNIVAC 1105, and the AN/FSQ-32. A system for the Burroughs 220 is under development. Machine system write-ups are available for the various machines on which IPL-V is being used. These write-ups contain differences in the language peculiar to each machine, and must be consulted before using IPL-V. An index, a list of the basic IPL-V processes, and a full-scale copy of the coding sheet, suitable for photo- reproduction, appear at the end of the Memorandum."
Abstract:
This paper is an informal introduction to Information Processing Language V (IPL-V), a symbol and list-struc- ture manipulating language presently implemented on the IBM 650, 704 and 709. It contains a discussion of the problem context in which a series of Information Proc- essing Languages has developed and of the basic concepts incorporated in IPL-V. A complete description of the language can be found in the IPL-V Programmer's Manual
This paper is an informal introduction to Information Processing Language V (IPL-V), a symbol and list-struc- ture manipulating language presently implemented on the IBM 650, 704 and 709. It contains a discussion of the problem context in which a series of Information Proc- essing Languages has developed and of the basic concepts incorporated in IPL-V. A complete description of the language can be found in the IPL-V Programmer's Manual
Abstract:
This Memorandum is a comparison of four well-known list-processing computer languages, which are considered representative of the various list-processing languages available. List-processing languages are designed to handle problems involving the manipulation of complex data structures and which impose computer memory requirements that change in an unpredictable manner during computation. The research, sponsored under U. S. Air Force Project RAND, was aimed at characterizing and evaluating list- processing languages in general and the four languages specifically considered; at isolating the areas of appli- cation for which particular list-processing languages are best suited; and at providing some criteria for the poten- tial user in selecting one of the languages for his par- ticular problem. The authors, consultants to The RAND Corporation, are on the staff at the Computation Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
This Memorandum is a comparison of four well-known list-processing computer languages, which are considered representative of the various list-processing languages available. List-processing languages are designed to handle problems involving the manipulation of complex data structures and which impose computer memory requirements that change in an unpredictable manner during computation. The research, sponsored under U. S. Air Force Project RAND, was aimed at characterizing and evaluating list- processing languages in general and the four languages specifically considered; at isolating the areas of appli- cation for which particular list-processing languages are best suited; and at providing some criteria for the poten- tial user in selecting one of the languages for his par- ticular problem. The authors, consultants to The RAND Corporation, are on the staff at the Computation Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
This repository contains a version of the Netronic TinyBasic interpreter with the Basic IL in a readable and assemblable format. It includes fixes for the Interrupt Service Routine to prevent potential memory corruption issues.
Playing chess has always been a bellwether for computers. The game isn’t trivial, but the rules are managably simple. However, the game is too complex to be easily solved entirely, so you have to use tricky software to play a credible game. Big computers do have an advantage, of course. But Microchess — arguably the first commercial game for home computers — was able to play on tiny machines like the Kim-1. Joachim Froholt » interviewed Peter Jennings » — the man behind Microchess to learn the whole story of its creation.
