A gentle introduction to Causal Machine Learning, covering the core concepts, differences from traditional ML, and practical applications with Python.
A guide to essential data visualization techniques for data scientists, covering plots like scatter plots, line plots, histograms, box plots, heatmaps, and more, with explanations of when and how to use them effectively.
Strong statistical understanding is crucial for data scientists to interpret results accurately, avoid misleading conclusions, and make informed decisions. It's a foundational skill that complements technical programming abilities.
* **Statistical vs. Practical Significance:** Don't automatically act on statistically significant results. Consider if the effect size is meaningful in a real-world context and impacts business goals.
* **Sampling Bias:** Be aware that your dataset is rarely a perfect representation of the population. Identify potential biases in data collection that could skew results.
* **Confidence Intervals:** Report ranges (confidence intervals) alongside point estimates to communicate the uncertainty of your data. Larger intervals indicate a need for more data.
* **Interpreting P-Values:** A p-value indicates the probability of observing your results *if* the null hypothesis is true, *not* the probability the hypothesis is true. Always report alongside effect sizes.
* **Type I & Type II Errors:** Understand the risks of false positives (Type I) and false negatives (Type II) in statistical testing. Sample size impacts the likelihood of Type II errors.
* **Correlation vs. Causation:** Correlation does not equal causation. Identify potential confounding variables that might explain observed relationships. Randomized experiments (A/B tests) are best for establishing causation.
* **Curse of Dimensionality:** Adding more features doesn't always improve model performance. High dimensionality can lead to data sparsity, overfitting, and reduced model accuracy. Feature selection and dimensionality reduction techniques are important.
* **Statistical vs. Practical Significance:** Don't automatically act on statistically significant results. Consider if the effect size is meaningful in a real-world context and impacts business goals.
* **Sampling Bias:** Be aware that your dataset is rarely a perfect representation of the population. Identify potential biases in data collection that could skew results.
* **Confidence Intervals:** Report ranges (confidence intervals) alongside point estimates to communicate the uncertainty of your data. Larger intervals indicate a need for more data.
* **Interpreting P-Values:** A p-value indicates the probability of observing your results *if* the null hypothesis is true, *not* the probability the hypothesis is true. Always report alongside effect sizes.
* **Type I & Type II Errors:** Understand the risks of false positives (Type I) and false negatives (Type II) in statistical testing. Sample size impacts the likelihood of Type II errors.
* **Correlation vs. Causation:** Correlation does not equal causation. Identify potential confounding variables that might explain observed relationships. Randomized experiments (A/B tests) are best for establishing causation.
* **Curse of Dimensionality:** Adding more features doesn't always improve model performance. High dimensionality can lead to data sparsity, overfitting, and reduced model accuracy. Feature selection and dimensionality reduction techniques are important.
This article covers five Python scripts designed to automate impactful feature engineering tasks, including encoding categorical features, transforming numerical features, generating interactions, extracting datetime features, and selecting features automatically.
This article details seven pre-built n8n workflows designed to streamline common data science tasks, including data extraction, cleaning, model training, and deployment.
This article details how to build a 100% local MCP (Model Context Protocol) client using LlamaIndex, Ollama, and LightningAI. It provides a code walkthrough and explanation of the process, including setting up an SQLite MCP server and a locally served LLM.
This article is a year-end recap from Towards Data Science (TDS) highlighting the most popular articles published in 2025. The year was heavily focused on AI Agents and their development, with significant interest in related frameworks like MCP and contextual engineering. Beyond agents, Python remained a crucial skill for data professionals, and there was a strong emphasis on career development within the field. The recap also touches on the evolution of RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) into more sophisticated context-aware systems and the importance of optimizing LLM (Large Language Model) costs. TDS also celebrated its growth as an independent publication and its Author Payment
"Talk to your data. Instantly analyze, visualize, and transform."
Analyzia is a data analysis tool that allows users to talk to their data, analyze, visualize, and transform CSV files using AI-powered insights without coding. It features natural language queries, Google Gemini integration, professional visualizations, and interactive dashboards, with a conversational interface that remembers previous questions. The tool requires Python 3.11+, a Google API key, and uses Streamlit, LangChain, and various data visualization libraries
Analyzia is a data analysis tool that allows users to talk to their data, analyze, visualize, and transform CSV files using AI-powered insights without coding. It features natural language queries, Google Gemini integration, professional visualizations, and interactive dashboards, with a conversational interface that remembers previous questions. The tool requires Python 3.11+, a Google API key, and uses Streamlit, LangChain, and various data visualization libraries
A simple explanation of the Pearson correlation coefficient with examples
This article details how to build a lightweight and efficient rules engine by recasting propositional logic as sparse algebra. It guides readers through the process from theoretical foundations to practical implementation, introducing concepts like state vectors and algebraic operations for logical inference.
